Ke hoʻomanaʻo nei au i koʻu wā kamaliʻi, i ke ahiahi kauwela ma kuaʻāina, kani ʻo cicadas a kani nā rana.I koʻu hāpai ʻana i koʻu poʻo, ua kuʻi au i nā hōkū ʻālohilohi.ʻO kēlā me kēia hōkū e hoʻomālamalama i ka mālamalama, ʻeleʻele a ʻālohilohi paha, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kona nani ponoʻī.ʻO ka Milky Way me nā kahawai waihoʻoluʻu he nani a hoʻāla i ka noʻonoʻo.

I koʻu wā i ulu ai, a nānā aku i ka lani i ke kūlanakauhale, ua uhi mau ʻia au e nā ʻōpala o ka uahi a ʻike wau ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke ʻike i kekahi mau hōkū.Ua nalowale anei na hoku?

Ua puni nā hōkū no nā haneli miliona mau makahiki, a ua uhi ʻia ko lākou mālamalama e ka ulu ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale ma muli o ka haumia māmā.

Ka pilikia o ka ike ole i na hoku

Ma kahi o 4,300 makahiki aku nei, ua hiki i ka poʻe Kina kahiko ke nānā i nā kiʻi a me ka manawa.Hiki iā lākou ke nānā i ka lani hōkū me ka maka ʻōlohelohe, pēlā e hoʻoholo ai i nā huaʻōlelo lā he 24.

Akā, i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale, ʻike ka poʻe e noho ana ma nā kūlanakauhale he ʻano "hāʻule" nā hōkū a nalowale ka mālamalama o ka pō.

ʻO ka pilikia o ka pollution māmā ua hoʻopuka ʻia e ke kaiāulu astronomy honua i ka makahiki 1930, no ka mea, hoʻomālamalama nā kukui o waho o ke kūlanakauhale i ka lewa, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ia i ka nānā ʻana i ka astronomical, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo "noise and light pollution", "light damage" a. ʻO ka "lawelawe māmā", a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano hoʻohaumia nui loa i ka honua, kahi maʻalahi ke nānā ʻole ʻia.

I ka makahiki 2013, ua lilo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka mālamalama o nā kukui kūlanakauhale Kina i pilikia koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni.

ʻO nā mea noiʻi mai Italia, Kelemānia, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻIseraʻela i kēia manawa ua hana i nā atlas pololei loa a hiki i kēia lā o nā hopena o ka pollution māmā ma ka honua kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ma mua o 80 pakeneka o ka heluna kanaka i nā kukui artificial o kēlā me kēia ʻano, a ma kahi kokoke i 80 ʻAʻole hiki i ka pakeneka o nā kānaka ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ke ʻike i ka Milky Way.

ʻAʻole hiki i ka hapakolu o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua ke ʻike hou i nā hōkū ʻālohilohi i ka pō ma muli o ka haumia māmā, e like me kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma Science Advances.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike noiʻi ʻAmelika e noho ana ma kahi o 2/3 o ka poʻe o ka honua i ka pollution māmā.Eia kekahi, ke piʻi nei ka pollution e ka kukui artificial i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka piʻi ʻana o 6% ma Kelemania, 10% ma Italia a me 12% ma Iapana.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o ka pollution māmā

Hōʻike nā hiʻohiʻona ʻulaʻula i ka nani o ka pōmaikaʻi o ke kūlanakauhale, a huna ʻia i loko o kēia ao mālamalama ka pollution māmā.

ʻO ka pollution māmā he manaʻo pili.ʻAʻole ia he manaʻo ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi waiwai paʻa ka pollution māmā.I ka hana ʻana a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, koi ʻia kahi nui o ka mālamalama e komo i nā maka, akā ma waho aʻe o kahi ākea, ʻo ka māmā nui e hōʻeha iā mākou i ka ʻike ʻole ʻana, a ke kumu hoʻi i nā hopena ʻino physiological, i kapa ʻia ʻo "light pollution".

ʻOkoʻa nā hōʻike o ka pollution māmā i nā manawa like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻālohilohi, ke kukui interference a me ka lani pakele.

Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka lā mai ke alo aniani i ke ao, a i ka pō, e nā mea kukui e hoʻopilikia i nā hana ʻike.ʻO ke kukui interference ka mālamalama mai ka lani a hiki i ka puka makani o ka lumi noho.A ʻo ka mālamalama mai ke kumu hana, inā hele i ka lani, kapa mākou he lani astigmatism.

Ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua māhele ʻia ka pollution māmā i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi, pollution kukui keʻokeʻo, lā hana, pollution kukui kala.

ʻO ka pollution keʻokeʻo e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wā e ʻā ikaika ai ka lā, ʻo ka pā aniani, ka pā pōhaku aniani, ke kinikini i poni ʻia a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻonani ʻē aʻe o nā hale i loko o ke kūlanakauhale e hōʻike i ka mālamalama, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai nā hale.

ʻO ka lā artificial, e pili ana i nā hale kūʻai kūʻai, nā hōkele ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā kukui hoʻolaha pō, nā kukui neon e ʻālohilohi, ʻālohilohi, kekahi mau kukui ikaika a pololei i ka lewa, e hoʻolilo ana i ka pō i ke ao, ʻo ia ka lā i kapa ʻia ʻo artificial.

ʻO ka pollution māmā kala e pili ana i ke kukui ʻeleʻele, ke kukui uila, ke kukui fluorescent a me ke kumu kukui kala ʻālohilohi i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā wahi leʻaleʻa he pollution māmā kala.

*E pili ana ka pollution māmā i ke olakino kanaka?

ʻO ka pollution māmā e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka nui o ka radiation optical e hoʻopōʻino i ka nohona kanaka a me ke kaiapuni hana, nona ka pollution māmā.He mea maʻamau ka pollution māmā.Aia ia ma kēlā me kēia ʻano o ke ola kanaka a pili i ke ola o nā kānaka me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia.ʻOiai e puni ana ka pollution māmā i nā kānaka, ʻaʻole maopopo ka nui o ka poʻe i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pollution māmā a me ka hopena o ka pollution māmā i ke olakino kino a me ke kino kanaka.

* Poino i ka maka

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale a me ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ua kokoke ka poʻe e hoʻokomo iā lākou iho i kahi "māmā ikaika a me nā kala nāwaliwali" "kahi ʻike kūlohelohe kūlohelohe".

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kukui ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka pollution infrared e ka maka ʻōlohelohe, ʻike ʻia ia ma ke ʻano o ka radiation thermal, maʻalahi e hoʻoulu i ka ʻeha wela.ʻO nā kukui infrared me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 7500-13000 angstroms he kiʻekiʻe ka transmittance i ka cornea, hiki ke puhi i ka retina a hoʻoulu i ka cataract.Ma ke ʻano he ʻano hawewe electromagnetic, loaʻa mai nā kukuna ultraviolet mai ka lā.ʻO ka ʻike lōʻihi i nā kukuna ultraviolet e maʻalahi i nā wrinkles, sunburn, cataracts, maʻi maʻi ʻili, pōʻino ʻike a me ka emi ʻana o ka pale.

*Hoʻopilikia i ka hiamoe

ʻOiai e hiamoe ana ka poʻe me ka pani ʻana i ko lākou mau maka, hiki nō i ka mālamalama ke hele i loko o ko lākou mau lihilihi a keʻakeʻa i ka hiamoe.Wahi a kāna helu helu maʻi, ma kahi o 5% -6% o ka insomnia ke kumu o ka walaʻau, ka māmā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ke kaiapuni, ʻo ia ka māmā o 10%."Ke hiki mai ka insomnia, ʻaʻole lawa ke kino i ka hoʻomaha, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā pilikia olakino hohonu."

* Hoʻoulu i ka maʻi kanesa

Ua hoʻopili nā haʻawina i ka hana hoʻololi pō i ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi umauma a me ka prostate.

ʻO kahi hōʻike 2008 ma ka puke pai International Chronobiology e hōʻoia i kēia.Ua noiʻi nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā kaiāulu 147 ma ʻIseraʻela a ua ʻike ʻo nā wahine me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o ka pollution māmā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ulu ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa o ka umauma.ʻO ke kumu paha ʻo ke kukui kūlohelohe ke kāohi i ka ʻōnaehana pale o ke kino o ke kanaka, pili i ka hana ʻana o nā hormones, ua luku ʻia ke koena endocrine a alakaʻi i ka maʻi kanesa.

* Hoʻopuka i nā manaʻo ʻino

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i nā ʻano holoholona i ka wā hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia ka mālamalama, hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena ʻino i ke ʻano a me ka hopohopo.Inā ka poʻe no ka manawa lōʻihi ma lalo o ka irradiation o nā kukui kala, kona psychological accumulation hopena, e hoʻoulu ai i ka luhi a me ka nāwaliwali, dizziness, neurasthenia a me nā maʻi kino a me ka noʻonoʻo i nā ʻano like ʻole.

* Pehea e pale ai i ka pollution māmā?

ʻO ka pale ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka pollution māmā he papahana ʻōnaehana kaiapili, e koi ana i ke komo piha ʻana a me nā hoʻoikaika like ʻana o ke aupuni, nā mea hana a me nā kānaka.

Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻolālā kūlanakauhale, ʻo nā ʻoihana kukui he mea hana nui no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā palena kūpono i ka pollution māmā.Ma muli o ka hopena o ke kukui artificial i nā mea ola e pili ana i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama, spectrum, kuhikuhi o ka mālamalama (e like me ka hoʻomālamalama pololei ʻana o ke kumu kukui a me ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana o ka lani lani), pono e hoʻomalu ʻia nā ʻano mea like ʻole i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hoʻolālā kukui. , me ke koho ʻana i nā kumu kukui, nā kukui a me nā ʻano kukui.

He liʻiliʻi ka poʻe o ko mākou ʻāina i ʻike i ka pōʻino o ka pollution māmā, no laila ʻaʻohe kūlana hoʻohui i kēia ʻano.Pono e hoʻonohonoho i nā kūlana ʻenehana o ke kukui ʻāina i ka hiki wawe.

I mea e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻimi ʻana o ka poʻe i kēia manawa i ke kukui kiʻekiʻe, kākoʻo mākou i ka "mālamalama olakino & kukui akamai", hoʻomaikaʻi piha i ke ʻano kukui, a hāʻawi i ka ʻike lawelawe kukui kanaka.

He aha ka "mālamalama olakino"?ʻO ia hoʻi, kahi kumu kukui kokoke i ke kukui maoli.He ʻoluʻolu a kūlohelohe ke kukui, a noʻonoʻo pono i ka mahana o ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻālohilohi, lokahi ma waena o ka mālamalama a me ke aka, pale i ka pōʻino o ke kukui uliuli (R12), hoʻonui i ka ikehu pili o ke kukui ʻulaʻula (R9), hana i kahi olakino, palekana a ʻoluʻolu. ka puni kukui, hālāwai me nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo o nā kānaka, paipai i ke olakino kino a me ka noʻonoʻo.

Ke hauʻoli nā kānaka i ka pōmaikaʻi o ke kūlanakauhale, he paʻakikī ke pakele i ka pollution māmā a puni.Pono nā kānaka e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka pōʻino o ka pollution māmā.ʻAʻole pono lākou e hoʻolohe wale i ko lākou wahi noho, akā pale pū kekahi i ka ʻike lōʻihi i ka pollution māmā.Pono pū ka pale a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka pollution māmā i nā hoʻoikaika like ʻana o kēlā me kēia, mai ke kumu mai e pale ai i ka pollution māmā.